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Landfill engineering and containment is a task that demands precise planning and the use of materials to prevent chemicals from leaching into the environment. It's a known fact that poor waste containment can contaminate water and soil quality to lead to poor health. Using geomembranes in landfill engineering can significantly reduce this.

Geomembranes are polymeric sheets made of PVC Cheap Toronto Raptors Jerseys , polyethylene, synthetic rubber and similar materials. They're known for their impermeability to control fluid and gas from leaking into environments. They're mostly used as liners for waste liquids, golf course water holes, water and waste conveyance canals and to waterproof rockfill dams, concrete dams Cheap San Antonio Spurs Jerseys , pipelines and tunnels. This ability to contain fluid and gas makes them fundamental tools in waste management.

Like all man-made materials, in order for geomembranes to successful waterproof and contain materials, they must be made of high quality products. Repeated testing and field tests produce accurate readings while installation by trained and certified personnel ensures that membranes work to full capability.

Geomembranes vary in chemical resistance, flexibility and cost depending on what material is used to construct them. Here's a look at the properties of different grades of plastic and rubber and what they offer.

HDPE: High density polyethylene is known for being relatively inexpensive but with good chemical resistance and weld strength. However, it has low puncture resistance Cheap Sacramento Kings Jerseys , may crack under stress and has a high degree of thermal expansion.

PVC: Polyvinyl chloride or PVC can have fabricated seams, has good layflat behavior and is easy to seam. Conversely, it doesn't fare well under high and low temperatures and doesn't resist UV light well.

fPP-R: fPP-R, a polypropylene and rubber-based material, can be factory fabricated and has sound multiaxial properties. It handles strain well and maintains performance under low and high temperatures. However Cheap Portland Trail Blazers Jerseys , chlorinated water and hydrocarbons weaken strength and durability.

LLDPE: Linear low density polyethylene is flexible, has better layflat and better multiaxial strain properties compared to HDPE. These benefits are balanced by poorer chemical and UV resistance, benefits offered by HDPE.

EPDM: EPDM or ethylene propylene diene monomer is a synthetic rubber known for its sealing characteristics. In geomembranes, it shows good performance in low temperatures, very goof layflat behavior and sound resistance to UV light. What it lacks is a resistance to oils and hydrocarbons in addition to having less than satisfactory seam quality.

Butyl rubber: Also a synthetic rubber Cheap Phoenix Suns Jerseys , butyl rubber shows good resistance to UV light and weathering. Its drawbacks include difficulty seaming, low tear strength and poor resistance to hydrocarbons.

Irrespective of what type of geomembrane is used, landfill preparation is crucial to deciding how effective liners are. For instance, sharp objects must be removed from the area as even if the membrane resists punctures well, weather conditions and chemicals will cause it to wear down over time.

When combined with geotextiles - plastic fabrics that separate water Cheap Philadelphia 76ers Jerseys , waste and soil - geomembranes see increased resistance to tears and containment. In fact, most landfills lined with membranes are used in conjunction with geotextiles.

Geomembranes are also used in leachate ponds to prevent leachate from seeping into soil. A drainage system, filters, sumps and pumps are used and all components including the health of the membranes must be monitored since waste decomposes unevenly, buckles and distorts pipelines. If proper planning Cheap Orlando Magic Jerseys , execution and maintenance of leachate ponds is neglected, not only will waste seep into soil but gas production will increase.

ST. PETERSBURG, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) -- Zenit St. Petersburg midfielder Roman Shirokov has been named Footballer of the Year for the second year in a row by Russia's Football magazine.


Shirokov beat out Zenit teammate Hulk and Dynamo Moscow's Alexander Kokorin for the top honour.


Over 250 journalists took part in voting for this year's winner, with players from the Russian Premier League as well as Russian nationals playing abroad eligible for selection.


The Football magazine award dates back to 1964, and is regarded as one of the most prestigious awards in Russian football.


"Last year it was a mixture of surprise and joy Cheap Oklahoma City Thunder Jerseys ," Shirokov told local media. "This year, just joy."


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